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1.
Braz. j. biol ; 84: e257739, 2024. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1355883

ABSTRACT

Abstract Under salt stress conditions, plant growth is reduced due to osmotic, nutritional and oxidative imbalance. However, salicylic acid acts in the mitigation of this abiotic stress by promoting an increase in growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, synthesis of osmoregulators and antioxidant enzymes. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid doses on the growth and physiological changes of eggplant seedlings under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where the treatments were distributed in randomized blocks using a central composite matrix Box with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (CEw) (0.50; 1.08; 2.50; 3.92 and 4.50 dS m-1), associated with five doses of salicylic acid (SA) (0.00; 0.22; 0.75; 1.28 and 1.50 mM), with four repetitions and each plot composed of three plants. At 40 days after sowing, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, and total dry mass were determined. ECw and SA application influenced the growth and physiological changes of eggplant seedlings. Increasing the ECw reduced growth in the absence of SA. Membrane damage with the use of SA remained stable up to 3.9 dS m-1 of ECw. The relative water content independent of the CEw increased with 1.0 mM of SA. The use of SA at the concentration of 1.0 mM mitigated the deleterious effect of salinity on seedling growth up to 2.50 dS m-1 of ECw.


Resumo Em condições de estresse salino, o crescimento das plantas é reduzido, em virtude, do desequilíbrio osmótico, nutricional e oxidativo. Contudo, o ácido salicílico atua na mitigação desse estresse abiótico por promover incremento no crescimento, fotossíntese, metabolismo do nitrogênio, síntese de osmorreguladores e enzimas antioxidantes. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de doses de ácido salicílico sobre o crescimento e alterações fisiológicas de mudas de berinjela sob estresse salino. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, onde os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso utilizando uma matriz composta central Box com cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa) (0,50; 1,08; 2,50; 3,92 e 4,50 dS m-1), associada a cinco doses de ácido salicílico (AS) (0,00; 0,22; 0,75; 1,28 e 1,50 mM), com quatro repetições e cada parcela composta por três plantas. Aos 40 dias após a semeadura, foram determinados a altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, área foliar, vazamento de eletrólito, teor relativo de água e massa seca total. A CEa e a aplicação de AS influenciaram no crescimento e nas alterações fisiológicas das mudas de berinjela. O aumento da CEa reduziu o crescimento na ausência de AS. O dano de membrana com o uso de AS manteve-se estável até 3,9 dS m-1 de CEa. O conteúdo relativo de água independentemente da CEa aumentou com 1 mM de SA. O uso de AS na concentração de 1 mM mitigou o efeito deletério da salinidade no crescimento das mudas até 2,50 dS m-1 de CEa.


Subject(s)
Salicylic Acid/pharmacology , Solanum melongena/metabolism , Photosynthesis , Stress, Physiological , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Seedlings , Salinity , Salt Tolerance , Antioxidants/metabolism
2.
Braz. j. biol ; 84: e254161, 2024. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1364527

ABSTRACT

Salinity is one of the most critical environmental parameters regarding fish physiology, modifying food intake and growth performance in many fish species. The present study has investigated the effects of different salinity levels on growth performance, feeding and survival of Asian seabass Lates calcarifer juveniles. Asian seabass juveniles were reared at 0 (T1), 5 (T2), 22 (T3), 36 (T4), and 42 (T5) ppt salinity. Approximately eight hundred thirty fish individuals with an average weight of 1.24±0.52 g were randomly distributed (166 fish/Tank) in 5 concrete tanks (each tank 30×6×4 ft, volume 19,122 L) for forty days. Juveniles were initially fed 42% crude protein-containing diets at a rate of 6% of their body weight per day. The results showed that salinity level had a significant effect on the weight gain (WG), average daily weight gain (ADWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate (SR), total biomass and health indices (p<0.05). The highest WG (39.11±1.49 g), ADWG (1.00±0.12 g), SGR (8.74±0.03% d-1) and lowest FCR (0.96±0.20) were observed with T3 treatment, which was significantly higher compared to other treatment groups (p<0.05). Among the health indices, the highest hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index were found with T3 treatment, significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.05). No significant differences were found among the treatments in terms of survival rate (p>0.05), but the maximum survival rate (98.89±0.0%) was observed in the T3 and T2 treatments. The maximum level of crude proteins (19.99±1.4%) was found in the whole-body biochemical composition of Asian seabass juveniles in the T3 treatment group. The second-order polynomial regression showed that 20 ppt salinity is optimum for the best growth of Asian seabass. Thus, the present study recommends 20 to 36 ppt salinity for the commercial farming of Asian seabass under a closed aquaculture system.


A salinidade é um dos parâmetros ambientais mais críticos em relação à fisiologia dos peixes, modificando a ingestão de alimentos e o desempenho de crescimento em muitas espécies. O presente estudo investigou os efeitos de diferentes níveis de salinidade no desempenho de crescimento, alimentação e sobrevivência de jovens espécies de robalos asiáticos Lates calcarifer, as quais foram criadas sob salinidade 0 (T1), 5 (T2), 22 (T3), 36 (T4) e 42 (T5) ppt. Aproximadamente 830 indivíduos de peixes com peso médio de 1,24 ± 0,52 g foram distribuídos aleatoriamente (166 peixes / tanque) em cinco tanques de concreto (cada tanque tinha 30 × 6 × 4 pés (9,1 x 1,8 x 1,2 metros), com volume de 19,12 litros) por 40 dias. Os peixes foram inicialmente alimentados com uma dieta contendo 42% de proteína bruta a uma taxa de 6% do seu peso corporal por dia. Os resultados mostraram que o nível de salinidade teve um efeito significativo no ganho de peso (GP), ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD), taxa de crescimento específico (TCE), taxa de conversão alimentar (TCA), taxa de sobrevivência (TS), biomassa total e índices de saúde (p < 0,05). O maior GP (39,11 ± 1,49 g), GPMD (1,00 ± 0,12 g), TCE (8,74 ± 0,03% d-1) e o menor TCA (0,96 ± 0,20) foram observados com o tratamento T3, que foi significativamente superior em comparação com os outros tratamentos (p < 0,05). Entre os índices de saúde, os maiores índices hepatossomáticos e viscerossomáticos foram encontrados no tratamento T3, significativamente superior do que os demais grupos (p < 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos quanto à TS (p > 0,05), mas a TS máxima (98,89 ± 0,0%) foi observada nos tratamentos T3 e T2. O nível máximo de proteína bruta (19,99 ± 1,4%) foi encontrado na composição bioquímica dos corpos dos jovens robalos asiáticos no grupo T3. A regressão polinomial de segunda ordem mostrou que a salinidade de 20 ppt é ótima para o melhor crescimento do robalo asiático. Assim, o presente estudo recomenda salinidade de 20 a 36 ppt para o cultivo comercial de robalo asiático em sistema de aquicultura fechado.


Subject(s)
Animals , Aquaculture , Salinity , Fishes/growth & development , Survivorship
3.
Braz. j. biol ; 842024.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1469330

ABSTRACT

Abstract Under salt stress conditions, plant growth is reduced due to osmotic, nutritional and oxidative imbalance. However, salicylic acid acts in the mitigation of this abiotic stress by promoting an increase in growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, synthesis of osmoregulators and antioxidant enzymes. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid doses on the growth and physiological changes of eggplant seedlings under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where the treatments were distributed in randomized blocks using a central composite matrix Box with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (CEw) (0.50; 1.08; 2.50; 3.92 and 4.50 dS m-1), associated with five doses of salicylic acid (SA) (0.00; 0.22; 0.75; 1.28 and 1.50 mM), with four repetitions and each plot composed of three plants. At 40 days after sowing, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, and total dry mass were determined. ECw and SA application influenced the growth and physiological changes of eggplant seedlings. Increasing the ECw reduced growth in the absence of SA. Membrane damage with the use of SA remained stable up to 3.9 dS m-1 of ECw. The relative water content independent of the CEw increased with 1.0 mM of SA. The use of SA at the concentration of 1.0 mM mitigated the deleterious effect of salinity on seedling growth up to 2.50 dS m-1 of ECw.


Resumo Em condições de estresse salino, o crescimento das plantas é reduzido, em virtude, do desequilíbrio osmótico, nutricional e oxidativo. Contudo, o ácido salicílico atua na mitigação desse estresse abiótico por promover incremento no crescimento, fotossíntese, metabolismo do nitrogênio, síntese de osmorreguladores e enzimas antioxidantes. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de doses de ácido salicílico sobre o crescimento e alterações fisiológicas de mudas de berinjela sob estresse salino. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, onde os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso utilizando uma matriz composta central Box com cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa) (0,50; 1,08; 2,50; 3,92 e 4,50 dS m-1), associada a cinco doses de ácido salicílico (AS) (0,00; 0,22; 0,75; 1,28 e 1,50 mM), com quatro repetições e cada parcela composta por três plantas. Aos 40 dias após a semeadura, foram determinados a altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, área foliar, vazamento de eletrólito, teor relativo de água e massa seca total. A CEa e a aplicação de AS influenciaram no crescimento e nas alterações fisiológicas das mudas de berinjela. O aumento da CEa reduziu o crescimento na ausência de AS. O dano de membrana com o uso de AS manteve-se estável até 3,9 dS m-1 de CEa. O conteúdo relativo de água independentemente da CEa aumentou com 1 mM de SA. O uso de AS na concentração de 1 mM mitigou o efeito deletério da salinidade no crescimento das mudas até 2,50 dS m-1 de CEa.

4.
Braz. j. biol ; 842024.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1469375

ABSTRACT

Abstract Salinity is one of the most critical environmental parameters regarding fish physiology, modifying food intake and growth performance in many fish species. The present study has investigated the effects of different salinity levels on growth performance, feeding and survival of Asian seabass Lates calcarifer juveniles. Asian seabass juveniles were reared at 0 (T1), 5 (T2), 22 (T3), 36 (T4), and 42 (T5) ppt salinity. Approximately eight hundred thirty fish individuals with an average weight of 1.24±0.52 g were randomly distributed (166 fish/Tank) in 5 concrete tanks (each tank 30×6×4 ft, volume 19,122 L) for forty days. Juveniles were initially fed 42% crude protein-containing diets at a rate of 6% of their body weight per day. The results showed that salinity level had a significant effect on the weight gain (WG), average daily weight gain (ADWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate (SR), total biomass and health indices (p 0.05). The highest WG (39.11±1.49 g), ADWG (1.00±0.12 g), SGR (8.74±0.03% d-1) and lowest FCR (0.96±0.20) were observed with T3 treatment, which was significantly higher compared to other treatment groups (p 0.05). Among the health indices, the highest hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index were found with T3 treatment, significantly higher than the other groups (p 0.05). No significant differences were found among the treatments in terms of survival rate (p>0.05), but the maximum survival rate (98.89±0.0%) was observed in the T3 and T2 treatments. The maximum level of crude proteins (19.99±1.4%) was found in the whole-body biochemical composition of Asian seabass juveniles in the T3 treatment group. The second-order polynomial regression showed that 20 ppt salinity is optimum for the best growth of Asian seabass. Thus, the present study recommends 20 to 36 ppt salinity for the commercial farming of Asian seabass under a closed aquaculture system.


Resumo A salinidade é um dos parâmetros ambientais mais críticos em relação à fisiologia dos peixes, modificando a ingestão de alimentos e o desempenho de crescimento em muitas espécies. O presente estudo investigou os efeitos de diferentes níveis de salinidade no desempenho de crescimento, alimentação e sobrevivência de jovens espécies de robalos asiáticos Lates calcarifer, as quais foram criadas sob salinidade 0 (T1), 5 (T2), 22 (T3), 36 (T4) e 42 (T5) ppt. Aproximadamente 830 indivíduos de peixes com peso médio de 1,24 ± 0,52 g foram distribuídos aleatoriamente (166 peixes / tanque) em cinco tanques de concreto (cada tanque tinha 30 × 6 × 4 pés (9,1 x 1,8 x 1,2 metros), com volume de 19,12 litros) por 40 dias. Os peixes foram inicialmente alimentados com uma dieta contendo 42% de proteína bruta a uma taxa de 6% do seu peso corporal por dia. Os resultados mostraram que o nível de salinidade teve um efeito significativo no ganho de peso (GP), ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD), taxa de crescimento específico (TCE), taxa de conversão alimentar (TCA), taxa de sobrevivência (TS), biomassa total e índices de saúde (p 0,05). O maior GP (39,11 ± 1,49 g), GPMD (1,00 ± 0,12 g), TCE (8,74 ± 0,03% d-1) e o menor TCA (0,96 ± 0,20) foram observados com o tratamento T3, que foi significativamente superior em comparação com os outros tratamentos (p 0,05). Entre os índices de saúde, os maiores índices hepatossomáticos e viscerossomáticos foram encontrados no tratamento T3, significativamente superior do que os demais grupos (p 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos quanto à TS (p > 0,05), mas a TS máxima (98,89 ± 0,0%) foi observada nos tratamentos T3 e T2. O nível máximo de proteína bruta (19,99 ± 1,4%) foi encontrado na composição bioquímica dos corpos dos jovens robalos asiáticos no grupo T3. A regressão polinomial de segunda ordem mostrou que a salinidade de 20 ppt é ótima para o melhor crescimento do robalo asiático. Assim, o presente estudo recomenda salinidade de 20 a 36 ppt para o cultivo comercial de robalo asiático em sistema de aquicultura fechado.

5.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1537043

ABSTRACT

Los bioestimulantes tienen gran potencial en la agricultura, no solo por aumentar el crecimiento de las plantas, sino porque también promueven la tolerancia frente a diferentes tipos de estrés. En este estudio, se evaluó el efecto de dos bioestimulantes Bacillus mycoides, inmovilizado en perlas de alginato y ácidos húmicos (AH), en plantas de fríjol caupí, cultivadas en un suelo salino, bajo los siguientes tratamientos: 1) solución de AH, mediante aspersión foliar, 2) suspensión de B. mycoides, inmovilizado en perlas aplicado en la rizósfera y 3) solución de AH + suspensión de B. mycoides inmovilizado; el tratamiento control fueron plantas sin aplicación de bioestimulantes. Se determinó el contenido hídrico relativo, el índice de contenido de clorofila, además del contenido de prolina y polifenoles, como indicadores de tolerancia al estrés. El tratamiento 3 generó un aumento de 11,27 % en el contenido hídrico relativo, mientras que con el tratamiento 2, se observó un incremento significativo del 48,33 %, en el índice de contenido de clorofila y del 49,07 %, en el contenido de prolina, lo cual, se sugiere la estimulación de mecanismos de tolerancia frente al estrés salino. La activación de estos mecanismos, observada con tratamientos que incluyen la inmovilización de B. mycoides, sugiere que esta forma de aplicación de la bacteria puede contribuir a mejorar las condiciones de crecimiento de plantas de fríjol caupí sometidas a estrés salino y puede ser probada en otras plantas de interés agrícola, en regiones afectadas por la salinidad.


Biostimulants have great potential in agriculture enhancing plant growth as well as stimulating tolerance to different types of stress. In this study, the effect of two biostimulants, Bacillus mycoides immobilized in alginate beads and humic acids (HA), was evaluated in cowpea plants grown in saline soil, following treatments were evaluated: 1) HA solution applied through foliar spray, 2) suspension of immobilized B. mycoides in beads applied around in the rhizosphere and 3) HA solution + immobilized B. mycoides suspension. Plants without biostimulant application were considered as control treatment. Relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content index (CCI), proline, and polyphenol content were determined as indicators of stress tolerance mechanisms expression. Treatment 3 generated an increase of 11.27 % in RWC, while with treatment 2 a significant increase of 48.33 % in CCI and 49.07 % in proline content was observed; these results suggest the stimulation of tolerance mechanisms against salt stress. Effects exhibited after the treatments with immobilized B. mycoides suggest that this way of application of the bacteria can contribute to improving the growth and adaption of cowpea plants subjected to salt stress and can be tested in other plants of agricultural interest over saline stress affection.

6.
Article | IMSEAR | ID: sea-220425

ABSTRACT

Salinity in agricultural soil is a severe problem that affects the growth and production in numerous crops all over the world. The country's salt?affected land is estimated to be 6.74 million hectares. According to estimates, approximately 10% more land is becoming salinized each year, and by 2050, nearly half of all arable land will be contaminated by salt. Plants may have bacterial companions that shield them from the negative consequences of salt stress (SS). Plant growth?promoting bacteria (PGPR) can minimize the usage of agrochemicals while also improving plant production, nutrition, and biotic–abiotic stress tolerance. The enzyme 1? aminocyclopropane?1?carboxylic acid deaminase (ACCD) is found in certain bacteria and works by degrading ACC (ethylene precursor in higher plants) into ??ketobutyrate and ammonia (NH ), thereby reducing the ACC levels, thus, inhibits excessive biosynthesis of3 ethylene under numerous stress circumstances. This is one of the most effective methods for inducing plant tolerance to SS. The current review highlighted the recent works of ACCD under SS environment. Further, the relevance of reducing the negative effect of ROS and increasing plant development under SS were also discussed. We propose a path for the community to employ beneficial microorganisms to boost agricultural yield and achieve sustainable development by highlighting plant?microbe interactions in this review.

7.
Article | IMSEAR | ID: sea-218955

ABSTRACT

Background: The high yielding varieties and intensive cropping together with the shift towards the use of high NPK fertilizers has caused the decline in the level of micronutrients in soils below normal at which productivity of crops cannot be sustained. Methods: The GPS based 104 soil samples were collected and analyzed for fertility status and nutrient indices in 2017-18. Results: The pH and EC of soils of sugar factory varied from 7.78 to 8.73 and 0.17 to 1.33 dSm-1, respectively. The organic carbon and calcium carbonate content in soils also varied from 0.21 to 0.82% and 5.25 to 15.75%, respectively. The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in soils were ranged from 137.90 to 310.40, 6.37 to 27.12, and 257.60 to 763.20 kg ha-1 respectively. The soil fertility status recorded from very low to moderate in available nitrogen, from very low to moderately high available phosphorus and high to very high available potassium. The available boron ranged from 0.05 to 0.40 mg kg-1. The iron, manganese, zinc and copper content ranged from 2.00 to 6.08, 1.22 to 3.87, 0.24 to 1.86 and 1.09 to 4.42 mg kg-1, respectively. The soils of the sugar factory are sufficient in available copper. Conclusion: The 69.23%, 2.88% and 65.38%samples were deficient in available iron, manganese and zinc, respectively. The soil fertility status of sugar factory was assessed to be low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium respectively.

8.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 38: e38062, Jan.-Dec. 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1396658

ABSTRACT

Salinity is one of the most limiting abiotic stresses in the global agricultural sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of irrigation water salinity on the initial development of P. edulis Sims. seedlings propagated by seeds, grafting and cuttings. Treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 5 x 3 factorial arrangement, corresponding to 5 levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity (0.3 - control, 1.8, 3.3, 4.8, and 6.3 dS m-1) and 3 propagation methods (seeds, cuttings and grafting), with four replicates and one plant per plot. Fifty days after the imposition of treatments with saline water, plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, total chlorophyll, stomatal conductance, relative leaf water content, total water consumption, dry matter of root, shoot and total, root length and root volume were evaluated. The increase in water salinity affected with greater intensity the growth and development variables (height, total dry matter and root volume of the plant) and the physiological characteristics (stomatal conductance) of the species Passiflora edulis, regardless of the method of propagation. Seedlings propagated by grafting showed better development compared to the other propagation methods (seeds and cuttings). The interaction between the propagation methods and water salinity affected seedlings propagated by seeds and cuttings with greater intensity.


Subject(s)
Passiflora , Seedlings/growth & development , Salt Stress
9.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 20(1): e210081, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1365204

ABSTRACT

Hypersaline estuaries are commonly found in the Semiarid Northeast Brazilian coast. However, the utilization of these estuaries by early life stages of fishes is less well documented. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on the ichthyoplankton, and to describe their spatial and temporal variation in two estuaries (Tubarão and Casqueira). The sampling were diurnally in four excursions carried out during two dry-season months (November and December 2017) and two rainy-season months (May and July 2018). A total of 423 larvae representing 30 species (14 families) and 2,762 eggs (five families) were collected. Although the community structures were similar in both estuaries, there was strong seasonal variation, with higher abundances observed during the dry season. Low rainfall was the primary environmental driver affecting ichthyoplankton in both estuaries. Other environmental factors, such as depth, water temperature, and channel width, were also predictor variables for the distribution of eggs and larvae. The ichthyoplankton was dominated by marine estuarine-dependent species in both estuaries, accounting for 76% of individuals. The presence of the early life stages of typically marine species suggests that hypersaline environments provide important nursery areas and play an essential role for some coastal fish species.(AU)


Os estuários hipersalinos são comumente encontrados na região semiárida da costa nordestina brasileira. No entanto, a utilização desses estuários pelos primeiros estágios de vida dos peixes é pouco documentada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de fatores ambientais sobre o ictioplâncton e descrever sua variação espacial e temporal em dois estuários (Tubarão e Casqueira). As amostragens foram diurnas em quatro excursões realizadas em dois meses da estação seca (novembro e dezembro de 2017) e dois meses da estação chuvosa (maio e julho de 2018). Um total de 423 larvas representando 30 espécies (14 famílias) e 2.762 ovos (cinco famílias) foram coletadas. Embora as estruturas das comunidades fossem semelhantes em ambos os estuários, houve fortes diferenças de variação sazonal, com maiores abundâncias observadas durante a estação seca. A baixa precipitação foi o principal fator ambiental que afetou o ictioplâncton em ambos os estuários. Outros fatores, como profundidade, temperatura da água e largura do canal, também foram preditoras para a distribuição de ovos e larvas. O ictioplâncton foi dominado por espécies marinhas dependentes em ambos os estuários, representando 76% dos indivíduos. A presença de estágios iniciais de espécies tipicamente marinhas sugere que ambientes hipersalinos fornecem áreas de berçário importantes e desempenham um papel essencial para algumas espécies de peixes costeiros.(AU)


Subject(s)
Zooplankton , Biological Factors , Estuaries , Salinity
10.
Braz. j. biol ; 82: e237214, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1249258

ABSTRACT

Artemisia absinthium L. is an important herb that is widely cultivated in different parts of the world for its medicinal properties. The present study evaluated the effects of four concentrations of nanoparticles treatment (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg L-1) and NaCl salinity stress (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) and their interactions with respect to the expression of two key genes, i.e. DBR2 and ADS, in the biosynthesis pathway of artemisinin in A. absinthium. Total RNA was extracted and a relative gene expression analysis was carried out using Real-Time PCR. The amount of artemisinin was also determined by HPLC. All the experiments were performed as factorial in a completely randomized design in three replications. The results revealed that salinity stress and nanoparticles treatment and their interaction affected the expressions of these genes significantly. The highest levels of ADS gene expression were observed in the 30 mg L-1 nanoparticles­treated plants in the presence of 150 mM salinity stress and the lowest levels in the 10 mg L-1 nanoparticles­treated plants under 50 mM salinity stress. The maximum DBR2 gene expression was recorded in the 10 mg L-1 nanoparticles­treated plants in the absence of salinity stress and the minimum expression in the 100 mM salinity-stressed plants in the absence of nanoparticles treatment. Moreover, the smallest amounts of artemisinin were observed in the 150 mM salinity-stressed plants in the absence of nanoparticles and the highest amounts in the 30 mg L-1 nanoparticles­treated plants. The maximum amounts of artemisinin and ADS gene expression were reported from the plants in the same nanoparticles treatment and salinity stress conditions. In this regard, the amount of artemisinin was decreased by half in the plants containing the highest DBR2 gene expression. Meanwhile, no significant correlation was observed between these gene expressions and the artemisinin amount in the other nanoparticles­treated plants under different levels of salinity stress. The biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolites appears to be very complex and dose not directly dependent on these gene expressions.


Artemisia absinthium L. é uma erva importante que é amplamente cultivada em diferentes partes do mundo por suas propriedades medicinais. O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos de quatro concentrações de tratamento com nanopartículas (0, 10, 20 e 30 mg L-1) e estresse de salinidade com NaCl (0, 50, 100 e 150 mM NaCl) e suas interações com relação à expressão de dois genes-chave, isto é, DBR2 e ADS, na via de biossíntese da artemisinina em A. absinthium. O RNA total foi extraído, e uma análise de expressão gênica relativa foi realizada usando PCR em tempo real. A quantidade de artemisinina também foi determinada por HPLC. Todos os experimentos foram realizados como fatorial, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em três repetições. Os resultados revelaram que o estresse por salinidade e o tratamento com nanopartículas e sua interação afetaram significativamente as expressões desses genes. Os níveis mais altos de expressão do gene ADS foram observados nas plantas tratadas com nanopartículas de 30 mg L-1 na presença de estresse de salinidade de 150 mM, e os níveis mais baixos, nas plantas tratadas com nanopartículas de 10 mg L-1 com estresse de salinidade de 50 mM. A expressão máxima do gene DBR2 foi registrada nas plantas tratadas com nanopartículas de 10 mg L-1 na ausência de estresse de salinidade, e a expressão mínima, nas plantas estressadas com salinidade de 100 mM na ausência de tratamento com nanopartículas. Além disso, as menores quantidades de artemisinina foram observadas nas plantas com estresse de salinidade de 150 mM na ausência de nanopartículas, e as maiores quantidades, nas plantas tratadas com nanopartículas de 30 mg L-1. As quantidades máximas de expressão de genes de artemisinina e ADS foram relatadas a partir das plantas no mesmo tratamento com nanopartículas e condições de estresse de salinidade. A esse respeito, a quantidade de artemisinina diminuiu pela metade nas plantas que contêm a expressão gênica DBR2 mais alta. Enquanto isso, nenhuma correlação significativa foi observada entre essas expressões gênicas e a quantidade de artemisinina nas outras plantas tratadas com nanopartículas sob diferentes níveis de estresse de salinidade. A via biossintética dos metabólitos secundários parece ser muito complexa e não depende diretamente dessas expressões gênicas.


Subject(s)
Artemisia absinthium/genetics , Artemisia annua , Artemisinins , Nanoparticles , Plant Proteins , Titanium , Salt Stress
11.
Braz. j. biol ; 82: e236354, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1249288

ABSTRACT

Cladocera represent an important zooplankton group because of their seasonal prominence in terms of abundance and their contribution in controlling primary production (phytoplankton). On a global scale, there are few studies on Cladocera in hypersaline environments. The present work aims to evaluate the spatio-temporal variation of the Cladocera assemblage across a salinity gradient in the habitats of the Araruama Lagoon. Samples were collected in random months over a period of four years at 12 fixed stations in the Araruama Lagoon using a WP2 plankton net equipped with a flow meter. Our results do not reveal significant influence of the tide and seasonal variation as factors affecting the Cladocera assemblage. Five Cladocera species were found in the Araruama Lagoon, only in stations 11 and 12 where they reached an average of 1,799 ± 3,103 ind. m-3. The mean of the Shannon Diversity Index was 0.45 ± 0.2. The species that stood out in terms of frequency and abundance were: Penilia avirostris (frequency of occurrence: 71%), followed by Pseudevadne tergestina (41%). The same species also stood out in terms of relative abundance, Penilia avirostris (87%) and Pseudevadne tergestina (11%). The absence of Cladocera in the innermost parts of the lagoon suggests that their entrance to these locations is possibly inhibited by the salinity and temperature gradient of the lagoon, being the main factors influencing the dynamics of the Cladocera assemblages.


Os cladóceros representam um importante grupo de zooplâncton, devido ao seu destaque sazonal em termos de abundância e à sua contribuição no controlo da produção primária (fitoplâncton). Em escala global, há poucos estudos com Cladocera em ambientes hipersalinos. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a variação espaço-temporal da assembleia de Cladocera em um gradiente de salinidades da Lagoa de Araruama. As amostras foram coletadas em meses aleatórios, durante um período de quatro anos, em 12 estações fixas na Lagoa de Araruama, utilizando uma rede de plâncton WP2 equipada com um fluxômetro. Os nossos resultados não revelam uma influência significativa da maré e da variação sazonal como fatores que afetam a assembleia de Cladocera. Cinco espécies de Cladocera foram encontradas na Lagoa de Araruama. A assembleia apresentou maior densidade absoluta estações 12 e 11, atingindo uma a média de 1.799 ± 3.103 inds-3. A média do Índice de Diversidade de Shannon foi de 0,45 ± 0,2. As espécies que se destacaram em termos de frequência e abundância foram: Penilia avirostris (frequência de ocorrência: 71%), seguida de Pseudevadne tergestina (41%). As mesmas espécies também se destacaram em termos de abundância relativa Penilia avirostris (87%) e Pseudevadne tergestina (11%). A ausência de Cladocera nas partes mais interiores da lagoa sugere que a sua entrada nestes locais é possivelmente inibida pela salinidade e gradiente de temperatura da lagoa, sendo os principais fatores que influenciam a dinâmica da assembleia de Cladocera.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cladocera , Phytoplankton , Plankton , Seasons , Zooplankton
12.
Braz. j. biol ; 82: 1-9, 2022. map, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1468487

ABSTRACT

Cladocera represent an important zooplankton group because of their seasonal prominence in terms of abundance and their contribution in controlling primary production (phytoplankton). On a global scale, there are few studies on Cladocera in hypersaline environments. The present work aims to evaluate the spatio-temporal variation of the Cladocera assemblage across a salinity gradient in the habitats of the Araruama Lagoon. Samples were collected in random months over a period of four years at 12 fixed stations in the Araruama Lagoon using a WP2 plankton net equipped with a flow meter. Our results do not reveal significant influence of the tide and seasonal variation as factors affecting the Cladocera assemblage. Five Cladocera species were found in the Araruama Lagoon, only in stations 11 and 12 where they reached an average of 1,799 ± 3,103 ind. m-³. The mean of the Shannon Diversity Index was 0.45 ± 0.2. The species that stood out in terms of frequency and abundance were: Penilia avirostris (frequency of occurrence: 71%), followed by Pseudevadne tergestina (41%). The same species also stood out in terms of relative abundance, Penilia avirostris (87%) and Pseudevadne tergestina (11%). The absence of Cladocera in the innermost parts of the lagoon suggests that their entrance to these locations is possibly inhibited by the salinity and temperature gradient of the lagoon, being the main factors influencing the dynamics of the Cladocera assemblages.


Os cladóceros representam um importante grupo de zooplâncton, devido ao seu destaque sazonal em termos de abundância e à sua contribuição no controlo da produção primária (fitoplâncton). Em escala global, há poucos estudos com Cladocera em ambientes hipersalinos. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a variação espaço-temporal da assembleia de Cladocera em um gradiente de salinidades da Lagoa de Araruama. As amostras foram coletadas em meses aleatórios, durante um período de quatro anos, em 12 estações fixas na Lagoa de Araruama, utilizando uma rede de plâncton WP2 equipada com um fluxômetro. Os nossos resultados não revelam uma influência significativa da maré e da variação sazonal como fatores que afetam a assembleia de Cladocera. Cinco espécies de Cladocera foram encontradas na Lagoa de Araruama. A assembleia apresentou maior densidade absoluta estações 12 e 11, atingindo uma a média de 1.799 ± 3.103 inds-³. A média do Índice de Diversidade de Shannon foi de 0,45 ± 0,2. As espécies que se destacaram em termos de frequência e abundância foram: Penilia avirostris (frequência de ocorrência: 71%), seguida de Pseudevadne tergestina (41%). As mesmas espécies também se destacaram em termos de abundância relativa Penilia avirostris (87%) e Pseudevadne tergestina (11%). A ausência de Cladocera nas partes mais interiores da lagoa sugere que a sua entrada nestes locais é possivelmente inibida pela salinidade e gradiente de temperatura da lagoa, sendo os principais fatores que influenciam a dinâmica da assembleia de Cladocera.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cladocera/growth & development , Seawater , Spatio-Temporal Analysis
13.
Braz. j. biol ; 82: 1-10, 2022. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1468490

ABSTRACT

Artemisia absinthium L. is an important herb that is widely cultivated in different parts of the world for its medicinal properties. The present study evaluated the effects of four concentrations of nanoparticles treatment (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg L-¹) and NaCl salinity stress (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) and their interactions with respect to the expression of two key genes, i.e. DBR2 and ADS, in the biosynthesis pathway of artemisinin in A. absinthium. Total RNA was extracted and a relative gene expression analysis was carried out using Real-Time PCR. The amount of artemisinin was also determined by HPLC. All the experiments were performed as factorial in a completely randomized design in three replications. The results revealed that salinity stress and nanoparticles treatment and their interaction affected the expressions of these genes significantly. The highest levels of ADS gene expression were observed in the 30 mg L-¹ nanoparticles–treated plants in the presence of 150 mM salinity stress and the lowest levels in the 10 mg L-¹ nanoparticles–treated plants under 50 mM salinity stress. The maximum DBR2 gene expression was recorded in the 10 mg L-¹ nanoparticles–treated plants in the absence of salinity stress and the minimum expression in the 100 mM salinity-stressed plants in the absence of nanoparticles treatment. Moreover, the smallest amounts of artemisinin were observed in the 150 mM salinity-stressed plants in the absence of nanoparticles and the highest amounts in the 30 mg L-¹ nanoparticles–treated plants. The maximum amounts of artemisinin and ADS gene expression were reported from the plants in the same nanoparticles treatment and salinity stress [...].


Artemisia absinthium L. é uma erva importante que é amplamente cultivada em diferentes partes do mundo por suas propriedades medicinais. O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos de quatro concentrações de tratamento com nanopartículas (0, 10, 20 e 30 mg L-¹) e estresse de salinidade com NaCl (0, 50, 100 e 150 mM NaCl) e suas interações com relação à expressão de dois genes-chave, isto é, DBR2 e ADS, na via de biossíntese da artemisinina em A. absinthium. O RNA total foi extraído, e uma análise de expressão gênica relativa foi realizada usando PCR em tempo real. A quantidade de artemisinina também foi determinada por HPLC. Todos os experimentos foram realizados como fatorial, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em três repetições. Os resultados revelaram que o estresse por salinidade e o tratamento com nanopartículas e sua interação afetaram significativamente as expressões desses genes. Os níveis mais altos de expressão do gene ADS foram observados nas plantas tratadas com nanopartículas de 30 mg L-¹ na presença de estresse de salinidade de 150 mM, e os níveis mais baixos, nas plantas tratadas com nanopartículas de 10 mg L-¹ com estresse de salinidade de 50 mM. A expressão máxima do gene DBR2 foi registrada nas plantas tratadas com nanopartículas de 10 mg L-¹ na ausência de estresse de salinidade, e a expressão mínima, nas plantas estressadas com salinidade de 100 mM na ausência de tratamento com nanopartículas. Além disso, as menores quantidades de artemisinina foram observadas nas plantas com estresse de salinidade de 150 mM na ausência de nanopartículas, e as maiores quantidades, nas plantas tratadas com nanopartículas de 30 mg L-¹. As quantidades máximas de expressão de genes de artemisinina e ADS foram relatadas a partir das plantas no mesmo tratamento com nanopartículas e condições de estresse de salinidade. A esse respeito, a quantidade de artemisinina diminuiu pela metade nas [...],


Subject(s)
Artemisia/enzymology , Artemisia/genetics , Artemisinins , Salt Stress , Nanoparticles/analysis
14.
Braz. j. biol ; 822022.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1468674

ABSTRACT

Abstract Cladocera represent an important zooplankton group because of their seasonal prominence in terms of abundance and their contribution in controlling primary production (phytoplankton). On a global scale, there are few studies on Cladocera in hypersaline environments. The present work aims to evaluate the spatio-temporal variation of the Cladocera assemblage across a salinity gradient in the habitats of the Araruama Lagoon. Samples were collected in random months over a period of four years at 12 fixed stations in the Araruama Lagoon using a WP2 plankton net equipped with a flow meter. Our results do not reveal significant influence of the tide and seasonal variation as factors affecting the Cladocera assemblage. Five Cladocera species were found in the Araruama Lagoon, only in stations 11 and 12 where they reached an average of 1,799 ± 3,103 ind. m-3. The mean of the Shannon Diversity Index was 0.45 ± 0.2. The species that stood out in terms of frequency and abundance were: Penilia avirostris (frequency of occurrence: 71%), followed by Pseudevadne tergestina (41%). The same species also stood out in terms of relative abundance, Penilia avirostris (87%) and Pseudevadne tergestina (11%). The absence of Cladocera in the innermost parts of the lagoon suggests that their entrance to these locations is possibly inhibited by the salinity and temperature gradient of the lagoon, being the main factors influencing the dynamics of the Cladocera assemblages.


Resumo Os cladóceros representam um importante grupo de zooplâncton, devido ao seu destaque sazonal em termos de abundância e à sua contribuição no controlo da produção primária (fitoplâncton). Em escala global, há poucos estudos com Cladocera em ambientes hipersalinos. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a variação espaço-temporal da assembleia de Cladocera em um gradiente de salinidades da Lagoa de Araruama. As amostras foram coletadas em meses aleatórios, durante um período de quatro anos, em 12 estações fixas na Lagoa de Araruama, utilizando uma rede de plâncton WP2 equipada com um fluxômetro. Os nossos resultados não revelam uma influência significativa da maré e da variação sazonal como fatores que afetam a assembleia de Cladocera. Cinco espécies de Cladocera foram encontradas na Lagoa de Araruama. A assembleia apresentou maior densidade absoluta estações 12 e 11, atingindo uma a média de 1.799 ± 3.103 inds-3. A média do Índice de Diversidade de Shannon foi de 0,45 ± 0,2. As espécies que se destacaram em termos de frequência e abundância foram: Penilia avirostris (frequência de ocorrência: 71%), seguida de Pseudevadne tergestina (41%). As mesmas espécies também se destacaram em termos de abundância relativa Penilia avirostris (87%) e Pseudevadne tergestina (11%). A ausência de Cladocera nas partes mais interiores da lagoa sugere que a sua entrada nestes locais é possivelmente inibida pela salinidade e gradiente de temperatura da lagoa, sendo os principais fatores que influenciam a dinâmica da assembleia de Cladocera.

15.
Braz. j. biol ; 822022.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1468677

ABSTRACT

Abstract Artemisia absinthium L. is an important herb that is widely cultivated in different parts of the world for its medicinal properties. The present study evaluated the effects of four concentrations of nanoparticles treatment (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg L-1) and NaCl salinity stress (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) and their interactions with respect to the expression of two key genes, i.e. DBR2 and ADS, in the biosynthesis pathway of artemisinin in A. absinthium. Total RNA was extracted and a relative gene expression analysis was carried out using Real-Time PCR. The amount of artemisinin was also determined by HPLC. All the experiments were performed as factorial in a completely randomized design in three replications. The results revealed that salinity stress and nanoparticles treatment and their interaction affected the expressions of these genes significantly. The highest levels of ADS gene expression were observed in the 30 mg L-1 nanoparticlestreated plants in the presence of 150 mM salinity stress and the lowest levels in the 10 mg L-1 nanoparticlestreated plants under 50 mM salinity stress. The maximum DBR2 gene expression was recorded in the 10 mg L-1 nanoparticlestreated plants in the absence of salinity stress and the minimum expression in the 100 mM salinity-stressed plants in the absence of nanoparticles treatment. Moreover, the smallest amounts of artemisinin were observed in the 150 mM salinity-stressed plants in the absence of nanoparticles and the highest amounts in the 30 mg L-1 nanoparticlestreated plants. The maximum amounts of artemisinin and ADS gene expression were reported from the plants in the same nanoparticles treatment and salinity stress conditions. In this regard, the amount of artemisinin was decreased by half in the plants containing the highest DBR2 gene expression. Meanwhile, no significant correlation was observed between these gene expressions and the artemisinin amount in the other nanoparticlestreated plants under different levels of salinity stress. The biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolites appears to be very complex and dose not directly dependent on these gene expressions.


Resumo Artemisia absinthium L. é uma erva importante que é amplamente cultivada em diferentes partes do mundo por suas propriedades medicinais. O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos de quatro concentrações de tratamento com nanopartículas (0, 10, 20 e 30 mg L-1) e estresse de salinidade com NaCl (0, 50, 100 e 150 mM NaCl) e suas interações com relação à expressão de dois genes-chave, isto é, DBR2 e ADS, na via de biossíntese da artemisinina em A. absinthium. O RNA total foi extraído, e uma análise de expressão gênica relativa foi realizada usando PCR em tempo real. A quantidade de artemisinina também foi determinada por HPLC. Todos os experimentos foram realizados como fatorial, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em três repetições. Os resultados revelaram que o estresse por salinidade e o tratamento com nanopartículas e sua interação afetaram significativamente as expressões desses genes. Os níveis mais altos de expressão do gene ADS foram observados nas plantas tratadas com nanopartículas de 30 mg L-1 na presença de estresse de salinidade de 150 mM, e os níveis mais baixos, nas plantas tratadas com nanopartículas de 10 mg L-1 com estresse de salinidade de 50 mM. A expressão máxima do gene DBR2 foi registrada nas plantas tratadas com nanopartículas de 10 mg L-1 na ausência de estresse de salinidade, e a expressão mínima, nas plantas estressadas com salinidade de 100 mM na ausência de tratamento com nanopartículas. Além disso, as menores quantidades de artemisinina foram observadas nas plantas com estresse de salinidade de 150 mM na ausência de nanopartículas, e as maiores quantidades, nas plantas tratadas com nanopartículas de 30 mg L-1. As quantidades máximas de expressão de genes de artemisinina e ADS foram relatadas a partir das plantas no mesmo tratamento com nanopartículas e condições de estresse de salinidade. A esse respeito, a quantidade de artemisinina diminuiu pela metade nas plantas que contêm a expressão gênica DBR2 mais alta. Enquanto isso, nenhuma correlação significativa foi observada entre essas expressões gênicas e a quantidade de artemisinina nas outras plantas tratadas com nanopartículas sob diferentes níveis de estresse de salinidade. A via biossintética dos metabólitos secundários parece ser muito complexa e não depende diretamente dessas expressões gênicas.

16.
Acta biol. colomb ; 26(3): 439-448, sep.-dic. 2021. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1360038

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN La producción de orégano es de relevancia económica en el noroeste de México. Sin embargo, los productores para obtener altos rendimientos recurren a la fertilización química, pero su mal uso, agudiza la salinidad. Lippia palmeri crece de manera natural en suelos áridos, pobres en materia orgánica, alta salinidad y temperatura en el noroeste de México. En el contexto de una agricultura sustentable, los microorganismos mantienen la fertilidad del suelo e incrementan la productividad de la planta. Actualmente existe interés en proponer biofertilizantes en la agricultura de alta intrusión salina y elevadas temperaturas para el cultivo de orégano. Las Halobacterias Promotoras del Crecimiento de Plantas (HPCP), se han destacado por beneficiar a los cultivos nutrimentalmente y mitigar el efecto de la salinidad. El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en identificar termo- y halo-tolerantes HPCP asociadas a la rizosfera de L. palmeri; se evaluó la actividad solubilizadora de fosfatos, producción de ácidos orgánicos, sideróforos y fijación de nitrógeno; se identificaron mediante el gen ARNr-16S aquellas con alta actividad evaluándose su efecto en la germinación y longitud radicular. Quince diferentes colonias sobresalieron al crecer en NaCl (0.25, 0.50 y 0.75 M) a 35 y 45 °C, destacando tres bacterias identificadas: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis y Bacillus licheniformis. El efecto en la longitud radicular es significativo por la aplicación de B. amyloliquefaciens. Estudios relacionados con la promoción vegetal deben ser considerados en posteriores estudios. Este es el primer informe de B. amyloliquefaciens como una bacteria fijadora de nitrógeno asociada a L. palmeri.


ABSTRACT The production of oregano is of economic relevance in northwestern Mexico. However, to obtain high yields, producers resort to chemical fertilization, but its misuse increases salinity. Lippia palmeri Watts is a species of oregano that naturally grows in arid soils with poor organic matter, high salinity and temperature in the northwestern Mexico. In the context of sustainable agriculture, microorganisms activate soil fertility and increase plant productivity. Currently there is interest in proposing biofertilizers in the agriculture with high saline intrusion and temperatures for the cultivation of oregano. The Plant Growth Promoting Halobacteria (HPCP) have stood out by the beneficiary of the nutritious crops and mitigate the effect of the salinity. The goal of this work was to identify HPCP associated to the rhizosphere of L. palmeri, thermo and halotolerant; phosphate solubilizing activity, organic acid production, siderophores and nitrogen fixation were evaluated; the highest activity colonies were identified by the rRNA-16S gene and the effect on germination and root length was evaluated. Fifteen different colonies stood out when growing in NaCl (G.25, G.5G and G.75 M) at 35 and 45 °C, from which three bacteria were identified: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis. The effect on root length was significant for B. amyloliquefaciens. Studies related to plant promotion should be involved in subsequent studies. This is the first report of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a nitrogen fixing bacteria associated with Lipia palmeri.

17.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 37: e37082, Jan.-Dec. 2021. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1359267

ABSTRACT

Physalis peruviana L. is a solanacea that has been gaining prominence due to its fruits presenting good acceptance in the national and international market. However, several abiotic factors, such as salinity, can cause physiological disturbances in plants, and these changes may be of greater or lesser intent according to species. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the physiological behavior of P. peruviana submitted to different fluxes of photosynthetically active photons (PPFD) and saline stress. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three saline levels (ECw) (0.5, 2.75 and 5.00 dS m-1) with four replications. Gas exchange measurements were performed with a portable infrared gas analyzer. Liquid CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency were measured. Data were subjected to analysis of variance by F test and in cases of significance applied to regression analysis. The increase in PPFD provided reductions in stomatal conductance up to the density of approximately 400 µmol m-2s-1, being more pronounced in ECw of 2.75 and 5.0 dS m-1. The maximum CO2 assimilation rates in the three salinities are different according to the PPFD. The salinity of irrigation water reduced the quantum efficiency of photosynthesis in P. peruviana plants.


Subject(s)
Photosynthesis , Photons , Physalis/physiology , Salinity , Salt Stress
18.
Rev. biol. trop ; 69(1)2021.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: biblio-1507820

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La selección de refugios diurnos es un proceso crucial para los murciélagos debido a su influencia en la ecología, organización social y supervivencia de sus poblaciones. El murciélago narigón (Rhynchonycteris naso) es una especie protegida por leyes de México, cuyos refugios y zonas de forrajeo, están estrictamente asociados a cuerpos de agua, principalmente ríos. Por lo tanto, cambios en la calidad del agua suponen un riesgo para sus poblaciones. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre el estado actual de sus poblaciones y refugios diurnos en México, es escaso. Objetivo: Ubicar y describir los refugios diurnos de R. naso y evaluar la relación del tamaño del grupo de murciélagos con las características de los refugios, la salinidad y el pH del agua donde habitan. Métodos: De marzo a octubre 2015, se realizaron búsquedas de refugios diurnos mediante recorridos en lancha a lo largo de ríos, arroyos y lagunas, en once sitios del Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Laguna de Términos, Campeche México. Por cada refugio localizado se registró el tamaño del grupo y su acomodo en el refugio, el tipo de refugio, el tipo de vegetación, la cobertura, la distancia entre refugios, el diámetro del tronco, la salinidad y el pH. Para investigar el efecto de las variables registradas en los refugios sobre el tamaño de cada grupo, se ajustaron Modelos Lineales Generalizados. Resultados: Encontramos 48 refugios en troncos secos, cortezas de árboles y puentes, asociados a cuerpos de agua dulce y oligohalina, principalmente en vegetación de manglar. El promedio (± EE) del tamaño del grupo fue de 5.3 ± 0.48 para los refugios naturales y de 22.6 ± 9.54 para los artificiales. Encontramos una relación significativa con el tipo de refugio, el tipo de vegetación y el diámetro del tronco. Los refugios con tamaño de grupo mayores presentaron un acomodo agregado. Se localizaron 40 refugios sobre cuerpos de agua dulce y ocho en oligohalina con alto nivel de agrupamiento. Conclusiones: La mayor incidencia de refugios en sitios de agua dulce y ligeramente ácida, es explicada bajo la teoría del óptimo forrajeo. Debido a que el área de estudio se encuentra en el límite de su distribución, el manglar representa el tipo de vegetación más importante para garantizar la permanencia de las poblaciones de R. naso. Adicionalmente, debido a que en algunas porciones de la zona de estudio no fue posible encontrar refugios, es crucial llevar a cabo estudios sobre la calidad del agua y los niveles de contaminación en la región. Este estudio proporciona información relevante sobre las poblaciones del murciélago Rhynchonycteris naso con implicaciones directas sobre su conservación en zonas ribereñas y humedales costeros.


Introduction: The selection of day-roost is a crucial process for bats because it influences the ecology, social organization, and survivorship aspects of their populations. Proboscis bat (Rhynchonycteris naso) is a protected species by Mexican law, whose foraging and roosting areas are strongly associated with bodies of water, primarily rivers. Therefore, alterations in the water quality pose a risk to their populations. However, knowledge of the current state of their populations and roosting ecology is very poor in Mexico. Objectives: To locate and to describe R. naso's diurnal roosts, and to evaluate the relationship of the group size per roost with the characteristics of the diurnal roost, the salinity and pH of the water where they inhabit. Methods: From March to October 2015, we searched diurnal roost through boat tours along rivers, streams, and lagoons, in eleven sites in the Laguna de Términos Flora and Fauna Protection Area, Campeche, Mexico. For each localized roost, we recorded the group size, and their spatial distribution, the type of roost and vegetation, the distance between roosts, the diameter of trunk, the salinity, and pH. In order to investigate the effect of the variables recorded in diurnal roost on size group, generalized linear models were adjusted. Results: We found 48 diurnal roost in dead tree-trunks, tree bark and bridges, associated with freshwater, and oligohaline bodies, mainly in mangrove vegetation. The average size of the groups was 5.3 ± 0.48 and 22.6 ± 9.54 in natural and artificial roosts, respectively. We found a significant relationship with the type of roost, type of vegetation and diameter of trunk. Roosts with larger groups of bats presented an aggregated distribution. We located 40 diurnal roosts on freshwater bodies and eight in oligohaline with a high grouping level. Conclusions: Greater incidence of roost in fresh and lightly acid water is explained under optimal foraging theory. Because the study area is found in the limit of their distribution, mangrove is a very important vegetation type to guarantee the establishment of R. naso populations. Also, due no roosts were found in some portions of the study zone, quality of water, and contaminant level studies are crucial. This study provides relevant information on their populations with direct implications for the conservation in coastal areas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Chiroptera/anatomy & histology , Refugium , Mexico
19.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 51(8): e20190636, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1249551

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of low, medium, and high-water salinity (5, 35, and 50 ppt) on the apparent dry matter, protein, and energy digestibility of two formulated and six commercial diets for juvenile whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in a 120-day trial. Digestibility was determined in vivo using chromic oxide as an inert diet marker. Hydrostability in pellets varied from 86.8% to 99.9%; dry matter digestibility varied from 49.1% to 64.1%; protein digestibility showed greater variations at all salinities (56.9%-85.8%); and energy digestibility ranged from 70.1 to 86.4%. Salinity had a significant effect on dry matter, protein, and energy digestibility. Using a principal component analysis (PCA) with a covariance matrix, our findings suggested that the E2 (fishmeal-based formulation) diet and 35 ppt salinity provided optimum hydrostability and digestibility to Pacific white leg shrimp juveniles.


RESUMO: Nós medimos o efeito de baixa, normal e alta salinidade (5, 35 e 50ppt) na digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína e energia em duas dietas formuladas e seis comerciais para camarão juvenil do Pacífico, Litopenaeus vannamei. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína e energia foram determinados in vivo utilizando o óxido crômico como marcador inerte nas dietas (peso inicial médio de 4g), em um teste de 120 dias. Hidrostabilidade na dieta de 86,8% a 99,9%, os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca variaram de 49,1 a 64,1%, os coeficientes de digestibilidade da proteína apresentaram maiores variações em todas as salinidades (56,9-85,8%), enquanto os coeficientes de digestibilidade da energia variaram de 70,1 a 86,4%. Efeito significativo da salinidade na digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína e energia foi encontrado. Esses resultados, usando a análise de componentes principais (PCA) com a matriz de covariância, sugerem que a dieta E2 (fórmula à base de farinha de peixe) e salinidade a 35 ppt é ideal para a hidrostabilidade e digestibilidade das dietas para juvenis de camarão-branco-do-Pacífico.

20.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; 64: e21210106, 2021. graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1350257

ABSTRACT

Abstract Moringa oleifera Lam., is a tree species that has several purposes of use, standing out in the recovery of degraded areas and the use of seeds as biodsorbents in water clarification. However, ony a little is known about the behavior of seed germination under saline conditions, common in soils and water in the Brazilian Northeast. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the increment of water during the soaking and seed germination of M. oleífera that were submitted to different electrical conductivity of the irrigation water. The work was developed following a completely randomized design, with stress simulation employing saline solutions at the concentrations of 0.0; 3.0; 6.0 and 9.0 dS m-1. To determine the soaking curve, the water increment of the soaked seeds in the different saline solutions was monitored at regular intervals with four replications per treatment. To characterize the physiological quality of the seeds, the percentage, first count, speed index, average time and average germination speed were evaluated. The M. oleífera is tolerant to the effect of salinity during the germination phase, however seed vigor is reduced as a function of increased salinity. Soaking the seeds makes begin the phase II of the germination process around 10 hours and extends for up to 50 hours, when phase III begins, they absorb approximately 0.2 g of water and require 86 hours for germination. Salinity reduces the absorption and increase of water in the seeds.

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